Crime and Punishment Intent Makes the Difference Essay

There are many different types of crime and punishment in medical law ranging from criminal to civil. Below I will explain the difference of criminal and civil and give descriptions of the different types of crime and punishment in the two categories. What is a criminal crime or act? The definition of criminal is anyone who has committed a criminal offense (a crime against the state) or who has been proven guilty of such an offense. Criminal crimes have two types of charges, misdemeanors and felonies. A misdemeanor is an offense less serious than a felony and which can be punished by a fine or sentence to a local prison for less than a year. A felony is a crime more serious than a misdemeanor and punishable by imprisonment for more†¦show more content†¦We are hearing more and more about mercy killings within the medical field than murder or attempted murder. Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia is defined as an intentional action or lack of action causing t he merciful death of someone suffering from a terminal illness or incurable condition. Mercy Killings most often happen from relatives of the victim. A man was convicted of mercy killing when he assisted in the death of his wife by giving his wife an additional amount of morphine who was on hospice suffering from cancer. She begged for him to help her pass peacefully. He thought he was doing well by his wife’s wishes. The man was sentenced to jail for the crime of Euthanasia. In some mercy killing cases the dependent were prosecuted and sentenced to jail while others were sentenced to probation. Is it ok to allow someone to suffer or help them pass peacefully? Unfortunately I don’t think that question will ever get answered. Euthanasia is very difficult for society and the courts to determine an outcome because each case is different and unique. The opposite of Euthanasia is Manslaughter. Manslaughter is defined as an unpremeditated taking of a human life. Most often s een with judgment error from physicians or staff from a physician’s office, hospital and labs. One of the biggest examples of manslaughter is the case of the people verse Dr. Conrad Murray dealing with the death of celebrity pop star Michael Jackson. Dr.Show MoreRelatedCriminal Law Explained Essay586 Words   |  3 Pagesalso ensuring a fair process for those accused. 2) What is the difference between a crime and non-criminal wrong? Crimes are labeled by our government to list what citizens have to obey, such as paying taxes and obviously killing and stealing are not permitted. The intent of these laws is to speak on the behalf of the people who live in the country or state. This means they are out to protect the people from the listed crimes. However, the Constitution cannot cover every little circumstance andRead MoreJuvenile Vs Juvenile915 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile v. Adult Corrections Juvenile delinquents use to not face police or a correction system, only the fear and punishment of their families. However, as the juvenile delinquents aged they were faced with harsher punishments, but it was not until the 1800s reformers started looking for ways to teach values and built asylum and training schools. Then the concept of parens patriae occurred to establish the right to intervene in a child’s life when there were issues (Siegel, 2016). The next majorRead MoreMurder And Capital Punishment Is Not The Same Thing1550 Words   |  7 PagesMurder and Capital Punishment are not the same thing. Murder is evil, while capital punishment is retribution. It’s hard to say exactly what is right and wrong a lot of the time. Do we define right and wrong as two lists of things that a community has almost arbitrarily split down the middle to label? Or do we label right and wrong as what we consider to be bad through means of trial and error? 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In the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. The most influential theories are known as the Classical and Positivist perspectives. Both of these theories have had a long-termRead MoreClassical Criminological Theory On Crime And Punishment1318 Words   |  6 Pagesconception, is classical criminological theory still relevant to today’s society in explaining the causes of crime? This essay will address this question by discussing the major components of classical criminological theory while highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. The essay will also examine a more modern criminological theory, Merton’s anomie/strain theory, and decipher major differences between the two theories. This essay will also explain the aspects of classical criminological theory thatRead MoreCourt History and Purpose812 Words   |  4 Pagesa part of the judicial branch in the three branches of government. This means that in this branch the laws are interpreted. Like the other two branches, it works to keep the criminal justice system running as smoothly as possible. The laws are make in the legislative branch and i s enforced in the executive branch. The police are a part of the executive branch. So when some one breaks a law, the job of the police, executive branch, is to arrest or ticked said offender. After an arrest or a

Shakespeare’s Use of Ovids Metamorphoses and Virgils...

Shakespeare’s Use of Ovids Metamorphoses and Virgils Aeneid as Basis for The Tempest William Shakespeare, as did most writers of his time, took the basis for the stories he wrote from other texts. He would use source poems or mythology in order to write his own works. Romeo and Juliet, for example, can be compared to the tragedy of Pyramus and Thisby. Plays such as Richard III and Julius Caesar are artistic accounts of historic events. The Tempest, however, is commonly perceived as an original story. Many critics feel that this was the only story of his that was entirely created by Shakespeare. This is not the case. In fact, there are several sources from which he very much drew inspiration for this tale. Shakespeare used†¦show more content†¦She calls upon Aeolus, King of the Winds, to cause a mighty storm that will destroy the Trojan fleet. As the storm arises, several ships are destroyed while others are swept away, but eventually Aeneas and some other ships end up in the harbor of an unknown land. Aeneas decides to inspect this strange place, a nd during his exploration he encounters a huntress. This is actually Venus in disguise, and she informs him that this is the land of Dido, Queen of Carthage. Aeneas meets Dido, who welcomes the Trojans and invites them to her feast. During the feast, Venus has her son Cupid, God of Love, make Dido fall in love with Aeneas. He succeeds, and Dido asks Aeneas to tell her of the fall of Troy, which he does. As time goes by Aeneas and Dido fall in love. Dido neglects her territory, and Aeneas ignores his quest. However, Jupiter, King of Gods, insists that Aeneas get back to his destiny and find a new home for his people. Aeneas obeys, and Dido kills herself with his sword. Aeneas next goes to Cumae in Campania to gain access to the underworld from the Sibyl, or priestess of Apollo, and succeeds. He does so in order to ask his dead father about the future of their race. Eventually Aeneas and his people get to the promised land, where they meet Latinus, the king of a neighboring area. Latinus offers Aeneas the hand of his daughter, Lavinia, but she is sought after by Turnus, King of

Principles of Management Qa free essay sample

1. Management is as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. 2. Four main factors of management are: * Planning, Planning requires that managers be aware of environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions. It also requires that managers be good decision-makers. Organizing, Organizing is the function of management that involves developing an organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. * Controlling, Controlling consists of three steps, which include establishing performance standards, comparing actual performance against standards, and taking corrective action when necessary. * Leading, leading involves influencing others toward the attainment of organizational objectives. Effective leading requires the manager to motivate subordinates, communicate effectively, and effectively use power. These are efforts for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Management Qa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Three types of management: * Top management * Middle management * First line management 4. There are three fundamental skills of a manager: * TECHNICAL skills The manager should be proficient at specific tasks. This in turn helps to provide the credibility or knowledge to persuade people to do certain things. * Interpersonal skills The manager has to know how to work with people. * CONCEPTUAL skills The manager can see the organization as a whole. In other words, there has to be some knowledge of the organization and what it does and how it interacts with other organizations. 5. Management is an art and a science in my opinion, because you learn ways of management from books, teachers, internet etc but it is how you apply it to your everyday life. You don’t only manage people on your job but you can also manage your home and life and finances just to name a few. So in short you learn the foundation of management and then t is up to you to portray it and add your flow with it it basically depends on the type of personality you have.

The Dumbest Generation Essay Example

The Dumbest Generation Paper Kevin Bui ENG 101 V September 19, 2011 Rough Draft Formal Essay # 1: Generation How/Why has the internet allowed our Generation to be lazier? Why is this a problem? How would this affect future generations? Internet is a great reliable source. The abuse of the internet has caused our generation, also known as the Millennials to be lazier. The quick easy access of the internet causes our generation to spend more time online in our everyday lives. The internet has allowed us to do any type of research online. Spending hours at the library is no longer needed. This is a concern that Millennials have to consider changing before it affects the future generations. Why read a book when you can â€Å"Spark note† or â€Å"Google† the summary of the book? This is how most Millennials are thinking today. It takes less than a minute to find a summary of a book online but hours even days to finish reading a book. Most Millennials take the easy way out by reading the summary online. What ever happened to pleasure reading? Research papers can be done at your house or anywhere you like as long as you have access to the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dumbest Generation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Dumbest Generation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Dumbest Generation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All of the long hours spending at the library are no longer necessary. The resource of the internet is so fast that spending time at the library would be wasting your time. Is it really wasting your time? This is how most Millennials think. Millennials are getting lazier due to the fact of the internet. Remember when entertainment use to be going to the movie theaters, going to a comedy act, or going to a museum? Now entertainment has changed and expanded through the internet from social networking and being able to watch anything online. This causes people to spend less time away from their computers. Why go out and buy a movie when you can download it off a website online? Long distance communication is no longer a problem. There are social networks like â€Å"Facebook†, â€Å"MySpace†, â€Å"Skype†, â€Å"Ovoo†, and also the classic emailing to stay in touch with anyone, no matter what country they are living in. According to an article by Robert J. Samuelson, â€Å"three-quarters of Millennials have created a profile on Facebook or some other social networking site. (Samuelson) This shows that more and more people are spending hours of their days online. Millennials are the digital generation. â€Å"Millennials are the first truly digital generation. Three-quarters have created a profile on Facebook or some other social networking site. Only half of Gen Xers and 30 percent of boomers have done so. A fifth of Millennials have posted videos of themselves online, far more than Gen Xers ( 6 percent) or boomers (2 percent). † – Samuelson Robert. (2010, March 8). Will Millennials become the chump generation? The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www. washingtonpost. com These social network profiles causes people to spend more and more time surfing the Internet, while they could be doing something productive in their lives. Instead of spending so many hours surfing the net, they could be exercising or enjoying the outside nature; besides being inside all day doing mindless things on the net. It is ridiculous how lazy Millennials are when it comes to school work. Most Millennials lack book researching skills. The internet is so easy and reliable to use that Millennials are abusing it. They feel there is no need to learn how to do research without using the Internet. This is a problem that needs to be resolved. Millennials depend too heavily on the Internet, that when or if the internet fails, they do not know how to use any other resources. The Internet also causes people to spend too much time online during the day. Internet entertains people through the social networking sites and the access to videos/movies. Millennials are more into entertainment than political issues. Barely half of the 15-to 26-year-olds queried agreed that â€Å"paying attention to government and politics† is important to good citizenship, and only two-thirds considered voting a meaningful act. While 64 percent knew the name of the latest â€Å"American Idol,† only 10 percent could identify the speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives. Only one-third knew which party controlled the state legislat ure, and only 40 percent knew which party controlled Congress. † – Bauerlein, Mark. The Dumbest Generation. Penguin Grove: New York, 2008. Print. Millennials do not care for the todays political issues. The lack of not caring and use of the internet are making people less educated about their own country. â€Å"Most young Americans possess little of the knowledge that makes for an informed citizen, and too few of them master the skills needed to negotiate an information-heavy, communication-based society and economy. † (Bauerlein) This shows how the internet is ruining Millennials. This problem is only going to get worst if there is no change. Future generations are going to suffer the worst from these bad traits.

Campiegn Finace essays

Campiegn Finace essays By definition, a savage is an uncivilized person. Friday would not fit this description because he was civilized. He was a product of the civilization that surrounded him where he came from. His appearance, behaviors, and beliefs were that of all the others in what might be called his tribe. The simple fact that he had religious beliefs is evidence of him being somewhat civilized. A savage can also be thought of as anyone or anything not European. Clearly Friday was not European, yet his features were not consistent with what would normally be considered savage. He is described as having a very good Countenance, not a fierce and surly Aspect..., he had all the Sweetness and Softness of an European in his Countenance too..., His Hair was long and black, not curld like Wool..., The Colour of his Skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not of an ugly yellow nauseous tawny, as the Brasilians, and Virginians, and other Natives of America are..., and his Nose small, not flat like the Negroes, a very good mouth, thin Lips, and his fine Teeth well set, and white as Ivory (Defoe 205). When the two characters meet, Friday approaches Robinson Crusoe in a very sedate manner, Friday is terrified yet he does not lash out at Robinson Crusoe. He does not seem wild, ferocious or barbaric in any way. He uses sign language at first to communicate, which indicates knowledge of some sort of primitive language. He is quick to learn Robinson Crusoes language and is eager to learn more while Robinson Crusoe stays clear of learning Fridays language. It is apparent that Friday has religious or spiritual beliefs right from the beginning. When Robinson Crusoe saves Friday from the savages that brought him to the island to devour him, Friday is extremely ...

About the Womens Trade Union League (WTUL)

About the Womens Trade Union League (WTUL) The Womens Trade Union League (WTUL), nearly forgotten in much of the mainstream, feminist, and labor history written in the mid-20th century, was a key institution in reforming womens working conditions in the early 20th century. The WTUL not only played a pivotal role in organizing the garment workers and textile workers, but in fighting for protective labor legislation for women and better factory working conditions for all. The WTUL also served as a community of support for women working within the labor movement, where they were often unwelcome and barely tolerated by the male national and local officers. The women formed friendships, often across class lines, as working-class immigrant women and wealthier, educated women worked together for both union victories and legislative reforms. Many of the twentieth centurys best-known women reformers were connected in some way with the WTUL: Jane Addams, Mary McDowell, Lillian Wald, and Eleanor Roosevelt among them. WTUL Beginnings A 1902 boycott in New York, where women, mostly housewives, boycotted kosher butchers over the price of kosher beef, caught the attention of William English Walling. Walling, a wealthy Kentucky native living at the University Settlement in New York, thought of a British organization he knew a bit about: the Womens Trade Union League. He went to England to study this organization to see how it might translate to America. This British group had been founded in 1873 by Emma Ann Patterson, a suffrage worker who was also interested in issues of labor. She had been, in her turn, inspired by stories of American womens unions, specifically the New York Parasol and Umbrella Makers Union and the Womens Typographical Union. Walling studied the group as it had evolved by 1902-03 into an effective organization that brought together middle-class and wealthy women with working-class women to fight for improved working conditions by supporting union organizing. Walling returned to America and, with Mary Kenney OSullivan, laid the groundwork for a similar American organization. In 1903, OSullivan announced the formation of the Womens National Trade Union League, at the annual convention of the American Federation of Labor. In November, the founding meeting in Boston included the citys settlement house workers and AFL representatives. A slightly larger meeting, November 19, 1903, included labor delegates, all but one of whom were men, representatives from the Womens Educational and Industrial Union, who were mostly women, and settlement house workers, mostly women. Mary Morton Kehew was elected the first president, Jane Addams the first vice-president, and Mary Kenney OSullivan the first secretary. Other members of the first executive board included Mary Freitas, a Lowell, Massachusetts, textile mill worker; Ellen Lindstrom, a Chicago union organizer; Mary McDowell, a Chicago settlement house worker and experienced union organizer; Leonora OReilly, a New York settlement house worker who was also a garment union organizer; and Lillian Wald, settlement house worker and organizer of several womens unions in New York City. Local branches were quickly established in Boston, Chicago, and New York, with support from settlement houses in those cities. From the beginning, membership was defined as including women trade unionists, who were to be the majority according to the organizations by-laws, and earnest sympathizers and workers for the cause of trade unionism, who came to be referred to as allies. The intention was that the balance of power and decision-making would always rest with the trade unionists. The organization helped women start unions in many industries and many cities, and also provided relief, publicity, and general assistance for womens unions on strike. In 1904 and 1905, the organization supported strikes in Chicago, Troy, and Fall River. From 1906-1922, the presidency was held by Margaret Dreier Robins, a well-educated reform activist, married in 1905 to Raymond Robins, head of the Northwestern University Settlement in Chicago. In 1907, the organization changed its name to the National Womens Trade Union League (WTUL). WTUL Comes of Age In 1909-1910, the WTUL took a leading role in supporting the Shirtwaist Strike, raising money for relief funds and bail, reviving an ILGWU local, organizing mass meetings and marches, and providing pickets and publicity. Helen Marot, executive secretary of the New York WTUL branch, was the chief leader and organizer of this strike for the WTUL. William English Walling, Mary Dreier, Helen Marot, Mary E. McDowell, Leonora OReilly, and Lillian D. Wald were among the founders in 1909 of the NAACP, and this new organization helped support the Shirtwaist Strike by thwarting an effort of the managers to bring in black strikebreakers. The WTUL continued to expand support of organizing campaigns, investigating working conditions, and aiding women strikers in Iowa, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. From 1909 on, the League also worked for the 8-hour day and for minimum wages for women through legislation. The latter of those battles was won in 14 states between 1913 and 1923; the victory was seen by the AFL as a threat to collective bargaining. In 1912, after the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, the WTUL was active in the investigation and in promoting legislative changes to prevent future tragedies such as this one. That same year, in the Lawrence Strike by the IWW, the WTUL provided relief to strikers (soup kitchens, financial help) until the United Textile Workers pushed them out of the relief efforts, denying assistance to any strikers who refused to return to work. The WTUL/AFL relationship, always a bit uncomfortable, was further strained by this event, but the WTUL chose to continue to ally itself with the AFL. In the Chicago garment strike, the WTUL had helped to support the women strikers, working with the Chicago Federation of Labor. But the United Garment Workers suddenly called off the strike without consulting these allies, leading to the founding of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers by Sidney Hillman, and a continuing close relationship between the ACW and the League. In 1915, the Chicago Leagues started a school to train women as labor leaders and organizers. In that decade, too, the league began to work actively for woman suffrage, working with the National American Woman Suffrage Association. The League, seeing woman suffrage as a route to gain protective labor legislation benefiting women workers, founded the Wage-Earners League for Woman Suffrage, and WTUL activist, IGLWU organizer and former Triangle Shirtwaist worker Pauline Newman was especially involved in these efforts, as was Rose Schneiderman. It was during these pro-suffrage efforts in 1912, that the phrase Bread and Roses came into use to symbolize the dual goals of reform efforts: basic economic rights and security, but also dignity and hope for a good life. WTUL World War I - 1950 During World War I, the employment of women in the U.S. increased to nearly ten million. The WTUL worked with the Women in Industry Division of the Department of Labor to improve working conditions for women, in order to promote more female employment. After the war, returning vets displaced women in many of the jobs theyd filled. AFL unions often moved to exclude women from the workplace and from unions, another strain in the AFL/WTUL alliance. In the 1920s, the League began summer schools to train organizers and women workers at Bryn Mawr College, Barnard College, and Vineyard Shore. Fannia Cohn, involved in the WTUL since she took a labor education class with the organization in 1914, became Director of the ILGWU Educational Department, beginning decades of service to working womens needs and decades of struggling within the union for understanding and support of womens needs. Rose Schneiderman became president of the WTUL in 1926, and served in that role until 1950. During the Depression, the AFL emphasized employment for men. Twenty-four states enacted legislation to prevent married women from working in public service, and in 1932, the federal government required one spouse to resign if both worked for the government. Private industry was no better: for instance, in 1931, New England Telephone and Telegraph and Northern Pacific laid off all women workers. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected president, the new first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, a long-time WTUL member and fund-raiser, used her friendship and connections with the WTUL leaders to bring many of them into active support of New Deal Programs. Rose Schneiderman became a friend and frequent associate of the Roosevelts, and helped advise on major legislation like Social Security and the Fair Labor Standards Act. The WTUL continued its uneasy association mainly with the AFL, ignored the new industrial unions in the CIO, and focused more on legislation and investigation in its later years. The organization dissolved in 1950. Text  Ã‚ © Jone Johnson Lewis WTUL - Research Resources Sources consulted for this series include: Bernikow, Louise. The American Womens Almanac: An Inspiring and Irreverent Womens History. 1997. ( compare prices) Cullen-Dupont, Kathryn. The Encyclopedia of Womens History in America. 1996. 1996. (compare prices) Eisner, Benita, editor. The Lowell Offering: Writings by New England Mill Women (1840-1845). 1997. ( compare prices ) Flexner, Eleanor. Century of Struggle: the Womens Rights Movement in the United States. 1959, 1976. ( compare prices) Foner, Philip S. Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I. 1979. ( compare prices) Orleck, Annelise. Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965. 1995. ( compare prices) Schneider, Dorothy and Carl J. Schneider. The ABC-CLIO Companion to Women in the Workplace. 1993. ( compare prices)

A Report of European Central Bank Bond-Buying Program Essay

A Report of European Central Bank Bond-Buying Program - Essay Example 850). This report brings out a clear picture of the issues pointed out as relevant to the European central bank bond-buying program. These aspects are appointment, inflation, growth, financial stability, fiscal policy and politics. Each of them plays a significant role in this context and influences the program from different angles. The program is strongly advocating for the protection of the euro, this is according to ECBs president Mario Draghi well this has received a lot of backing from euro-zone governments (De, P. 849). The ECB bond-buying program is entirely an economic program, but it has faced political interruptions influencing its performance. The program is toiling to ensure that Europe remains relevant economically a midst the looming economic crisis in the world. There is a balance between inflation, growth, financial stability, creation of fiscal policy and politics. If we look at politics first of all the euro-zone governments back the ECB bond buying program to the extent of out voting the Bundesbank by the other 22 members. The case after being heard by a German court on allegations that the program went beyond its mandate clearly brought out the skeptism. On the other hand after the case was forwarded to the European court the judgment was in favor of the program. The levels of inflation raise concern across the European economy as it is questionably low. According to comments from Janet Yellen (Fed chair) that the central bank could raise its rates has sparked worries across the region. The members prefer that another method is used to improve on the economy other than the former the speculation is that ECB is moving to quantitative easing. Economies are recovering and growing at the same time, but the process is as slow to the extent of insignificance. At the moment the euro zone has concentrated on deflation other than allowing the ECB to establish a stimulus for the recovery of the European economy (De, P. 845). In

How do cartoons or similar visual graphics offer discussions of cities Essay

How do cartoons or similar visual graphics offer discussions of cities and global worlds - Essay Example No matter how fantastical cartoons are, they always represent some version/representation of reality. Towns and cities are the perfect subjects for art fantasy. Diverse characters actions and situations come together so that they can be given expressions to portray creators’ ideas. Modern technology (computer graphics) contribute to this niche immensely. Distorting reality can be comprehensively achieved through graphics. Printing a cartoon strip, animated cartoons in movies and video games, all serve this purpose. Frank Millers cartoon such as Sin City portrays several terrains of the ‘city’; Projects, The Old Town and the Docks (Solesbury 94). The videogame Grand Theft Auto gives the players a chance to be criminal in ‘cities’ like New York, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and Miami (Solesbury 94). They are not exact copies of real cities but similarities are sufficient. Cartoons are usually created for humoristic purposes. They are specifically popular among children but they are equally popular among adults when they portray a distortion of reality like the ones in newspapers. Such cartoons deliver sarcasm poke fun at society. Comic strips in newspapers lighten up the mood. All humor, pranks and comic strips are eventually satire on common sense hierarchies of meanings (Oncu 98). Cartoon humor usually begins by considering the norms that feed the reality. They understand what is order and predictable. By juxtaposing the frames of references the humorist exposes the impurity. It gives the artist the leverage to blur the hierarchical impositions of order so laughter can ensue (Oncu 98). This is not specific to a specific city. From an anthropological perspective the study of cartoons as depicting social dynamics in a particular region is of high importance. For instance in Turkey the urbanization gives the cartoonists the leverage to poke fun at the situation when people start

Literature and imagination Essay Example for Free

Literature and imagination Essay In Critical Approaches to Literature, David Daiches has said that the imagination, in its primary manifestation, is the great ordering principle, an agency which enables us both to discriminate and to order, to separate and to synthesize, and thus makes perception possible, for without it, we would have only a collection of meaningless sensory data. Literary theory and poetry materialize concurrently, for poets have a strong tendency to form opinions about their craft and to use these opinions as part of the message of their poems. Imagination is undoubtedly inherent in literature, the prime component in any work of art, but this view has been a cause of debate since the dawn of literature and criticism. As with most dissentions and philosophy regarding literature and its attendant features, the first records of this debate are to be found in the germinal works of Aristotle and Plato. Writing at a time when the poet was venerated for his work, and the philosopher persecuted for his, it is but natural that Plato would react negatively towards poetry. He regarded it as being fundamentally unsound and his view of imagination was much the same, since the imagination is the wellspring from which poetry arises. Imagination was inspirational and emotional, and he did not agree or identify with it for he did not find it logical. Aristotle, on the other hand, acknowledged that art represented reality, and that imagination was an important element of the structuring and creating of art. Horace, while admitting that poets utilized fiction and often mingled facts with fancy, put forth a synthesis of Aristotle and Platos views. According to him, the end function of poetry is to please and instruct, a mixture of pleasure and profit appeals to every reader and hence, imagination took on a fairly central position. John Dryden, a Seventeenth Century liberal and neo- classical critic, acknowledged imagination as inspiration breathd into man by God. Increasingly we observe that, as it is investigated down the ages, the primary human faculty of imagination becomes inseparable from poetry- Dryden acknowledged both the didactic and aesthetic nature of poetry. The term Fancy, so commonly used, was coined by him. Pope, in accordance to the vigorous structural formalism of the Augustans, declares that imagination was native, but that it should be kept under control, for there was a necessity for decorum. In the Nineteenth Century, the issue of imagination became one of utmost significance, mostly due to the theorizing of Wordsworth, and more significantly, of Coleridge. While imagination, as a primary and unique faculty of the human psyche and consciousness, was never debated, both poets managed to convey its indisputable significance in poetry. In the Seventeenth Century, the writer became of soul importance- the readers reacted to the experience of emotion with delight. This delight, the Romantics stressed, was the prime objective of their poetry, but was not achieved by mechanical application of rules, but by the strength of the imagination. An early and somewhat haphazard attempt on the part of Wordsworth to discriminate between imagination (Impressive effects out of simple elements), and fancy (Pleasure and surprise excited by sudden varieties of situation and accumulated imagery), appears in The Thorn. In earlier discussions, both of these had been in most part used synonymously to denote a faculty of the mind which is distinguished from reason and judgement, and which receives images from the senses and records them into new combinations. He stresses that imagination, and not fancy, should be used to refer to the creative or poetic principle. The distinction between imagination and fancy was a key element in Coleridges theory of poetry, as well as in the general theory of the mental processes. This laconic differentiation is the core of his exposition on the nature and genesis of the imagination. M. H. Abrams, in The Mirror and the Lamp, points out that, As in his philosophy, so in his criticism, Coleridge roots his theory in the constitution and activity of the creative mind. The memory, for Coleridge, is mechanical, and fancy passive, which acts only by a sort of juxtaposition. The imagination, on the other hand, recreates, its elements by a process to which Coleridge sometimes applies terms borrowed from the physical and chemical unions- it is a synthetic, a permeative and a blending, fusing power. The imagination is essentially vital; it generates and produces a form of its own. Fancy is thus a perfunctory process which receives the elementary images- the fixities and definites which it receives from the senses, and without altering the parts, reassembles them into a different spatial and temporal order form that in which they were originally perceived. The imagination creates rather than reassembles by dissolving the fixities and definites, and unifying them into a new whole. The faculty of imagination generates and produces a form of its own while its rules are the very powers of growth and production. It assimilates and synthesises the most disparate elements into an organic whole- a newly generated unity, constituted by a living interdependence of parts whose identity cannot survive their removal from the whole. Fancy can be taken to mean surface decorations of new combinations of memories and perceptions, while imagination involved a combination of elements in the cauldron of the poets mind, with imagination acting as a base of sorts more than anything else, which results in the creation of a new work. Coleridge further distinguishes between the Primary and Secondary imagination. If the process of creation is conceived as being essentially and perpetually the bringing of order out of chaos, then the Primary imagination is essentially creative and a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the finite I AM. This could be explained by reducing imagination to a single image, or a train of thought, in ones mind- this quality, being inherent in every conscious, human being (that is, in evolutionary terms, the ability of foresight and being able to think around a situation), and Coleridge has recognized this as constituting the Primary imagination. The Secondary imagination is the conscious human use of this power. When we employ our Primary imagination in the act of perception, we are not doing so with our conscious will, but are exercising the basic faculty of our awareness of ourselves and the external world; the Secondary imagination is more conscious and less elemental, but it does not differ in kind from the primary. In imagination, elements in an environment that strike the creators sensibility are blended and fused into a new whole- the poet has to merge reason and emotion, restraint and spontaneity, the abstract and the concrete, etc. The entire exercise is a reconciliation of opposites, (precisely why it is a conscious one), emphasizing the dialectical character of creativity. The action can be reduced to three basic phases: thesis, antithesis and synthesis, but this process is inexplicable, as is imagination, and particular to the poet himself. The resultant exposition can never be stripped down to its original elements. To exemplify this, Coleridge uses the analogy of the transformation of a seed into a plant to explain this theory. Once the seed has been planted, and grows into a plant, it is impossible to reduce the plant to singular elements like the seed, the water, the air, the soil, etc. It is a whole- an organic unit. In the same manner- a creation of the imagination has an inherent organic unity- it cannot be reduced to any of its contributory elements. This is the dialectical character of creativity that involves synthesis- the result of this blend and fusion is a whole. Coleridge stressed that imagination makes new perception possible. If indeed a work springs out of imagination, it holds the ability to penetrate the experience of its genesis and reveal the essence of the object. This echoes Aristotles view that poetry or art penetrates through the idea of an object and brings to the surface not the particular, but the universal in the particular, the essence. In a writers imagination, thus, the experience is unifying or coadunative- what Coleridge calls Esemplastic- it is moulded into an expression by the imagination. Literature thus becomes a piece of actuality subjected to the laws of imagination. Most critics after Coleridge tended to make fancy simply that faculty that produces a lesser, lighter, or more humorous kind of poetry, and to make imagination the faculty that produces a higher, more serious, and more passionate poetry. However, the mark of Coleridges theories is undoubtedly present in each of these. As he himself has stated: I laboured at a solid foundation, in the component faculties of the human mind itself and their comparative dignity and importance.

Spanish as a Second Languge :: essays research papers

Spanish As a Second Languge In recent years, the total population of Spanish speakers in the US has doubled. According to Census 2001 of the estimated 284 million residents in the USA, 36 million are of Hispanic origin, Five million more than the entire population of Canada. In 1960 people of Hispanic origin only equaled 6% of the US population. Since increased to 13%. 332 million people in the world speak Spanish. Second to Chinese Mandarin: 885 million. The continual growth of the Hispanic population increases everyday, but the number of Americans not of Hispanic descent who speak Spanish fluently, is a mere 3%, according to studies done by Florida State University, Relevant because of area of high Hispanic concentration. Spanish should be required to be taken as a second language in grades K-9. American students should be required to speak Spanish fluently upon completion of their 8th grade year. Other societies such as Pakistan, Japan, and China can demonstrate proficiency in 3 or 4 languages by middle school years. "A child taught a second language after the age of 10 or so is unlikely ever to speak it like a native," said a February 1996 Newsweek article. Through extensive research it has been proven that the earlier a child is introduced to a second language the greater the chances are that this child will master both languages. A number of experts attribute this mastery to physiological changes that occur in the maturing brain as a child enters puberty. Picture yourself as a fluent Spanish speaking American. Able to communicate with others. Eliminate stereotypes; talking about me, plotting something.

“Do the right thing” by Spike Lee Essay

I dearly love the film and maintain that it’s one of the great pictures from the last 10 years. I don’t know what the director of this movie (Spike Lee) intended the moral to be, but my take on the film has always been that NO ONE does the right thing, and this is the cautionary element of the movie. The racial message about racial injustice is very deep and one that every race should see. The climax of the movie is very powerful and deep. The heat is blazing, tensions are running high (especially racial ones), and under this kind of pressure no one behaves according to common courtesy and decency. The entire film is a chain of uncontrolled outbursts of anger that lead to everyone’s misery. The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability could be wrong, so is the belief that a particular race is superior to others. Anyone can have a belief like that – black, white, whatever. I am not about to buy into this rhetoric that any race shoulders 100% of the blame for racism in America today. Indeed, but racism is a belief, not an action. Sociologists clearly delineate between â€Å"prejudices† and acts of â€Å"discrimination.† One can be racist (prejudice) and not act on it (discriminate). By the same token, one can discriminate against others and not hold racist beliefs (prejudice). There is simply no way, short of telepathy, to determine if anyone is truly racist. One can easily assume that Adolf Hitler was a racist based on his writings and horrific actions, but there is absolutely no way to know for sure that Hitler *truly* hated Jews or simply used the hatred of Jews as a convenient means to attain power. Anyway, those in a position of power have more opportunities to act discriminatorily than those without, but I see no evidence to suggest that The Powers That Be are more *likely* to engage in such behaviors. As such, a discriminatory action by a â€Å"powerless† person can be more effective than the lack of such an action by someone in power. Riots are NEVER true result of racism, but rather the violent, destructive impulses of citizens with no faith in the justice system to take matters into their own hands. They are simply an opportunity for a misguided youth, unsupervised or uninstructed on issued of morality, to appease their violent appetites by destroying the livelihood of someone who is not exactly like  them. In every major example of the last 40 years in US, the violent rioters were not good citizens who felt pushed to the breaking point by some act of injustice, but degenerates whose prejudices against anyone with more money than they found an excuse in the politicized â€Å"racial† arguments to act out what they never truly cared to know was wrong (Heath & Petraitis, 1987). The only result of a â€Å"race† riot is hatred, looting, and murder. It is not the answer to anything, and should never be treated as such. It is an insult to the millions of black citizens who seek to live their lives as normal, peaceful, law-abiding citizens of the United States to associate them with the few degenerate thieves and murderers who commit â€Å"race† riots (Singer & Singer, 1986). That’s why â€Å"Do the Right Thing† has always touched its viewers. The ending turns a decent, fine comedy-drama into a vessel for class and race related hatred. I do believe in violence as a last measure to protect one’s self, or their personal freedoms, or in the case of a moral war. Just look at my signature closing line. I do not in any way believe that the situation in â€Å"Do the Right Thing† presents a need for violence. It is merely a bunch of tempered people retaliating against the brutality of the police by burning an innocent man’s pizza shop down, apparently only because he was a white business owner. That is sad. I think, really, this film’s central theme if there really is one is the path black men in America today face as inspired by their most prominent leaders. Radio Rahiem is easily the wisest in the entire film as he’s aware of the dichotomy and thus tries to balance his existence under both directions†¦ fight the power constantly playing takes on an entire new meaning here as the film doesn’t really know what the power is that â€Å"PE wants us to fight.† Rahiem knows though, it’s the self. Pretty amazing imagery. But on the other hand, he rarely speaks but instead relies on his radio to speak for him. Likewise, he doesn’t understand his own rhetoric on the nature of love and hate. That made him as ‘racist’ as any other character in the film, with the possible but unlikely exception of smiley, and brings his own death on himself.† I wondered what would be the cops reactions if racial positions had been  reversed (ie a black man’s pizzeria, a white man accidentally killed after basically making a complete, hostile mess of himself, then resisting arrest etc) Would a white cops strangle a white man to death? That’s where racial issues arise. I was upset at the death of radio Rahiem, but just couldn’t escape the fact that he had brought it on himself. No one deserves to die like that. But if he had avoided escalating a completely unnecessary confrontation by assaulting Sal, he wouldn’t have died. He was responsible for his own death, just as Sal was responsible for the destruction of the pizzeria (very nearly his own death) when he destroyed Rahiem’s radio. Radio Raheem was pissed off, his whole existence was that radio. Sure he physically assaulted him, but he didn’t say anything like, â€Å"I’ll kill you†. Maybe if Radio said in an earlier scene â€Å"Man I’m gonna kill that irk bastard† etc. I’d be more apt to agree that Radio Rahiem intent was to kill Sal. Technically Sal brought the destruction of the pizzeria on himself too, by (through the chain of events) not putting up pictures of ‘brothers’ on the walls; but it is his pizzeria and he was within his rights to do so. He yelled racist epithets which is a direct act of aggression and smashed someone’s property to pieces. Instead of destroying someone’s property, he should have called the police to escort Buggin out and Radio Rahim. Radio Rahiem was NOT within his rights when he entered the store and refused to turn his radio down. Of course Sal and Radio Rahiem are both racists, everyone in the film is. No one did the ‘right’ thing in the end, but the unfortunate fact is that, in the final encounter with Radio Rahiem, Sal was just a little more ‘right’ than Radio Rahiem. Imagine Radio Rahiem and Sal were both black (or white.) Imagine the ultimate reasons behind the clash were not racially based. Radio Rahiem is the aggressor, and because of this, ultimately audience sympathy would lie with Sal. Radio Raheem and Buggin’ Out were trying to bully an innocent business owner. It was Sal’s restaurant, if they did not like his regulations than they could leave, but he was entirely within his rights to demand for them to either leave or turn off the music. He certainly gave fair warning, and he never ever tried to physically harm anyone until Radio’s attack. While it is  unfortunate Radio died, he simply was not worth the destruction that was carried out in his name. I also find it mystifying that Mookie, supposedly the levelheaded character in the movie, was so superficial that he blamed Sal for Radio’s death. I cannot reconcile myself with the notion that Mookie throwing the trash can through the pizzeria window was even remotely â€Å"doing the right thing.† I sympathize a lot with Sal, but I also sympathize with Mookie. Sal also cared a lot about the black in Bastury, and was genuinely hurt when some of them turned against him. I will vehemently argue that Sal’s character is not racist; he drops an n-word at the end, but the man is watching his life’s work being torched by arson at the hands of a group of African-Americans; his outburst is understandable and forgivable. Vito, Lee’s Sister, and the baby are as decent as people could be. Da Mayor is a good man who has made mistakes but is trying to change so at this point he’s a good man trying to be a better man. He does drink too many beers with little money, though. One thing that always confused me about this film (although it’s one of my favorites) is why Mother Sister painfully screams â€Å"noooo†, when only a few minutes beforehand, she was right with the crowd yelling â€Å"burn it! burn it!† it seems like a bit of a flaw to me, but I could be wrong. My guess is the â€Å"Burn it down Burn it down† is with respect to the pizzeria. The â€Å"noooo† is with respect to radio Rahiem’s death. Let’s assume that the film is about the cyclical nature of violence. Does Spike Lee( the director) think that all violence is bad or only certain violence is? After reading Martin Luther King’s quote I thought it was all violence; after reading Malcolm X’s quote I got the message that some violence is ok. I know that Blacks have been prejudiced against for a long time, but I don’t see how violence ever solved their problem. It seems to me that Martin Luther King’s non-violence app roach ultimately did much more to further equality than Malcolm X’s approach of violence-sometimes-needed approach. The cops didn’t necessarily care for Sal or anyone there. They didn’t kill Rahiem because they wanted revenge. They did a right think by choking Rahiem, but they should have weakened him enough to handcuff him and then have thrown him in the police car. I doubt either Clubbing or strangling  will ever equate to, to use your words, â€Å"holding him in place until he calmed down†. I doubt those are the only options law enforcement officers have. They shouldn’t have killed him. It was an extreme use of force pure and simple. The key being that if as you say they were trying to prevent Sal from being chocked by â€Å"a criminal† than why didn’t they release their choke hold on Radio Rahiem after he had let go of Sal? They kept choking him long after he was a threat to anyone and it was obvious he himself was being choked to death. Why did they not throw him to the ground at that time and handcuff him? They didn’t even try. In the film, Da Mayor says you gotta â€Å"Do The Right Thing†. Rahiem does not because he won’t respect Sal’s wishes to turn off or turn down the radio (Also didn’t respect Sal’s decision to represent only his culture in the pizzeria). Bugging Out is just a racist who knows nothing and wants to pretend to have a calling so he rides in on Radio’s coattails. Rahiem did the wrong thing and Sal did nothing wrong until he uttered the N-word. I don’t think Sal meant it in that way. He was angry so he exploited a characteristic of Radio’s boom box. The people were angry at Sal for saying the n-word but they didn’t go against Sal. They got confused and yelled. Then the police came in and everything went up in flames. Obviously, a spark leads to a fire. The spark: The police killing Rahiem. The Fire: The mob. It was understandable for there to be a riot and it was understandable that they got angry at white men in general because they are black people and they live in an ugly area. But just because it’s understandable, doesn’t mean its right. The name of the movie is â€Å"Do The Right Thing†. And to be honest, even though that’s very straight and very literal, towards the end it becomes ironic. The moment that they could do the right thing, they did the worst thing of them all. And that riot could have been right but it went wrong. Their anger went in the wrong direction. Things just happen. Sal’s pizzeria going down in flames is symbolic of the fact that people just destroy each other. And in the end, the face of the oppressor (The white man) is thrown on every white body and someone with the face of the oppressor is oppressed. Well, there’s a line (Not from this movie) that goes â€Å"You become the monster so the monster will not break you†. You become what you terrify you. And in  this case, the oppressed (The black community) gets so fed up (Throughout the entire movie, there is talk of there recently being a police brutality situation involving black civilians being killed) with being oppressed that they become what they hate and they oppress someone else: Someone who’s been more of a family member to them then most of their families has a different face than they do. He has the face of the monster, and they don’t like past skin deep and treat him the way they should treat the people who do oppress them. And it’s painful and we don’t know what to think. I’m the least racist person in the world and I’m also the person who is more annoyed than anyone with jokes being allowed to be made about white people and not about black people. I don’t like going to the park and having some guy say, â€Å"White boy, don’t want none of this†. It irritates me because I want plenty. Sometimes it gets so hard to hear all the unfairness and listen to a person’s lack of understanding for another. This film is just a day. It’s the hottest day of the summer. You can do nothing, you can do something, or you can ‘Do The Right Thing.’ You can. So do it.

Summary of leaders and followers

Summary of â€Å"how to cultivate effective follower† April Wang English Composition I Professor Hampton October 25th, 2012 cultivate effective followers† 2 Summary of â€Å"How to In the article â€Å"How to cultivate effective followers†, the writer Christopher Lorenz identifies that followers who could not follow a parade in the past is playing a remarkable role during recent years, that is to say, since the followers are taken into fully account nowadays, they are becoming more efficient and play a key role in the many.However, the author also stressed that he was not going to have a debate with anyone who had great passion for leadership. According to the author, followers are divided into five types in this article: sheep, yes people, alienated followers, survivors, effective followers. In that case, some recommendations are also given to help foster efficient followers. Truly, most of the time, we do not act as a leader but a follower. Viewing that issue, Kelly, who is an industrial administration in Pittsburgh at Carnegie-Mellon University, did a research about it.Basically, it is separated in to five different sorts according to followers' various qualities in Kelly's study. First, sheep only do, if any, what the leaders let them do. They do not have their own opinions and depend on their leaders all the time. Yes people, obviously, are also a group of people who concern nothing but the tasks are given. Only when the leader is â€Å"blind†, this type of followers may be popular. Alienated followers are cynics–they hold their own ideas which are always the opposite of their leaders and never drop them. Survivors depend on their traders' tempers.Their motto is â€Å"does anything that can please leaders†. Effective followers, who are probably only imaginations, are the most ideal ones. They 3 are not afraid of taking risks, for they claim that they have equal duties for their organizations. Hence, Kelly provided some strategies to us to develop more effective followers. First, the most important thing is to create a common value which can help them work toward a same goal. For example, give customers best services and make them feel at home. Second, aim for making independent and decisive followers.For instance, leaders can allow followers to speak out, which mean they can discuss strategy plans together. Third, leaders should be willing to share powers to others. At the same time, followers will have much more opportunities to make decisions. This is a beneficial way to get everyone involved. Generally speaking, followers should be paid more attention not only by leaders but also by our whole community. When talking about this, I strongly agree with him. Here are my reasons. First, evidently, in a company, only leaders can achieve nothing. Leaders and lowers hold each other tightly toward a common destination is a best way.Thus, the author evidences us some ways, which are studied by Rober t E. Kelly, to make efficient followers. I also learnt it in my leadership class. An efficacious company needs appropriate followers to work with leaders actively to overcome obstacles. If the company is a manufacturer, it needs people to do a single thing day and night. Then, sheep followers are popular. Second, as we can see, in this article, Kelly (1989, Para 3) said, â€Å"What distinguishes effective followers from leaders is not intelligent, ability or any other qualities, but the role they play'.Definitely, everyone should 4 have the opportunity to take control, make decisions and give advice. They can choose someone who has a specialization on the task to help achieve the goal effectively, someone need not to be a leader, someone who are brave and responsible enough to take actions and changes. Last but not least, the time of being identified as a follower is much longer than being a leader; hence, everyone has the necessary to learn how to be both popular leaders and effic ient followers.When I was a freshman, I Join the student association as a leader in one of the student groups. At the same time, I also had a leader in the whole association. I should learn how to be benign to my followers, how to get along well with my colleagues, and how to be credible to my leaders. To achieve the author's goal, he does use some available writing styles, but not everything is so perfect. Logos is the most extraordinary style in this article. At first, he used two clear lists to introduce us the different kinds of followers and the ways to achieve effective followers.Second, his langue is terse and perspicuous. For example, â€Å"sheep are passive and uncritical, lacking in initiative and responsibility'. Only one sentence can tell the main characters of sheep. There are also some drawbacks. First and foremost, I think there should be some examples, when talking about different types of followers. It would more clearly. Moreover, from the whole essay, the author used too much Kelly's words. It would be better to add more opinions about himself. To sum up, I forcefully believe that followers are also taking a big issue.For one thing, no matter how little the company we stayed is, followers should be regarded as 5 equal as leaders. For another, it is strongly suggested that more attention should be taken on followers, since we are more likely a follower rather than a leader in a company. In addition, here is a virtual advice. If a leader is not willing to share power with his followers, it is hard to build ideal followers-?effective followers.

Nature Essay Example

Nature Essay Example Nature Essay Nature Essay Name Instructor Course Date Nature In recent years, it is increasingly difficult to find a child or adolescent who grew up playing in the outdoors, exploring the woods and creeks nearby. Most grew up playing indoors with electronic gadgets obtained by well-meaning parents. Children are not experiencing the wonders that nature has to offer due to a variety of factors borne out of living in this technologically powered world. The children born in the late 20th century America has lost something that they did not have. This lack of nature is detrimental to children’s physical, psychological and spiritual development. Early in the 20th century, the children had a deeper appreciation for nature because they were constantly surrounded by it. The urban areas still had creeks and woods that children could explore. They had nature as an integral part of their lives. It was not an abstract notion, but a powerful force in their everyday lives and this ingrained a deeper understanding of the world around them. Those children knew that food came from the earth and fish were caught in rivers, lakes and seas near them. This, the children born in the 1980s have never had. They only know of the supermarket and markets without the knowledge that the earth produces their nourishment (21). The serenity that nature provides cannot be reproduced by any artificial means. The sights and sounds, the ‘wildness’ of nature and the clean air found in nature have calming effects on children. Nature’s peaceful and calming effect on children and adults alike has been relegated. The goodness that children gain from spending time outdoors cannot be replicated by any advances in technology. A child’s senses are sharpened when he or she plays and explores the outdoors. All the sights and sounds that are constantly filling the air heighten the senses. As Louv puts it, nature calmed, focused and excited his senses as a child (10). The outdoors foster a sense of release in children. The solitude that children enjoy in the woods or by a stream serves as a source of escape from the adult world. As evidenced by Louv’s interview of elementary school children. Some reported that they went into the woods near their homes to just lie in a field or sit behind a tree. The peacefulness of the woods calms them as reported by a fifth grader. She spoke of obtaining a sense of freedom and calm when in the woods (13-14). The world as it is today can be demanding on a child, and release from the stress of demanding schoolwork is very therapeutic (Louv, 3). Nature has a way of inspiring innovativeness in children. Their imagination creates new ways of manipulating their surroundings to fit their needs and helps them find solutions to any impediments they might encounter. Nature offers endless possibilities in terms of how children can use the spaces and resources in nature to maximize their play experience. Using trees to build tree houses, damming up streams to float boats and using scraps of liver to catch fish (27), are examples of the innovative and inventive ways children use the natural resources to play. The advent of computer games has decreased that innovative streak. Urbanization has served to decrease the open spaces available for children to play. The concrete jungles created to satisfy the increase in demand for housing has been detrimental to the availability of free spaces. Modern urban and suburban designers are replacing wildness with synthetic nature that is more manageable than the wild. This has ensured children stay indoors or even discourage the interaction of children with nature. Instead, children now are divorced from the wild, from nature. Such experiences are confined to occasional visits to the national parks and zoos. Children are not experiencing nature as part of their lives on a daily basis. This extends to the relationship they have with their food, as this is grown in areas away from their neighborhoods, hence foreign to them. Advances made in technology have zoned children out of the real world and sucked them into virtual ones. The replacement of natural play with the electronic gadgets has decreased children’s imaginations, and since most do not know any better, staying indoors is viewed as more fun. A fourth grader that was interviewed by Louv admitted preferring playing indoors due to all the presence of electrical outlets (10). Some parents attested to this observation. Children are not interested in exploring nature. Even when they are outside in nature, they are plugged in to their earphones or other electronic device (12). They do not find pleasure in engaging themselves in the wonderment that nature offers. The amount of control that parents exercise over their children’s playtime activities has hampered their innate explorative desire. Society has become dangerous for children, and the media do not make it any easier by constantly relaying those fears of harm befalling children. Obsession with safety has made things like climbing trees or building ramps to ride bicycles on as hazardous (27). Parks are constantly filled with signposts that deter veering off the demarcated paths. Children, during Louv’ interviews, attested to this (13). Parents and society place too many restrictions on children, to their children’s detriment. Children need to be reintroduced to the wonders of nature. The benefits that nature offers to children are numerous and crucial to their development. The future of the earth depends on the interactions and consequently their appreciation of the role nature plays in their lives. An understanding of human’s role in nature may be the key in saving the planet from further destruction for the benefit of generations to come. Work Cited Louv, Richard. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2005. Print

Famous Tips For Writing English Essays

Famous Tips For Writing English Essays English Essay: Developing an â€Å"A† grade Essay As you undertake your English coursework in both high school and college, you will realize how important essay writing is. To some students, crafting a good English essay may be a bit challenging, since creativity is an integral part of writing a good essay. Starting the learning process early and using the provided tips below on English essay writing, you will eventually craft a well-written essay. The Planning Stage You cannot just jump into writing an essay! You need to prepare yourself accordingly to ensure you save time when writing your work. Below are some helpful ideas that you can use for the preparation stage: Give Yourself Some Advanced Time Nothing substantial can come out of a 10 minute written work, not only in essay writing but also in other aspects of writing. Give yourself maximum time allowed to prepare and construct your thought and ideas. In this stage, you are expected to brainstorm, conduct research for related information that is already available, and eventually craft the most captivating ways that will convey the meaning of your written work. Jot down Your Ideas as You Brainstorm While you conduct your research, you will interact with many types of information that relates to your work. Make sure you write down the ideas they inspire in you. Bear in mind that at this stage, you are just gathering information and not writing your work. It just requires you to put down your ideas about the topic and be ready for the writing part of your English essay. Be Strictly Mindful of Your Thesis The thesis statement might only take at most two sentences of your total work, but still, it gives essence to your essay. It consists of the main idea that you intend to prove to your target audience, thus indicating its importance. Make sure that you thoroughly brainstorm your work and avoid choosing the first thesis statement that you think of. At least three to four ideas are enough to inspire the main thesis statement you are to come up with. Keep in mind that all the information and ideas you express in your work have to relate to the thesis statement you have given.   Also, your thesis statement should come as the last piece of information in your introductory paragraph. The thesis statement should highlight the main idea behind your essay in brief by understandably impressive manner. It provided the reader with an understanding of what you are to address from the start of your essay until the last part. Do not forget to construct it with a hook in place to ensure the reader is impressed and ready to read through all of the work presented. Put Enough Emphasis and Focus on the Introduction The thesis statement is not the only important part of your introduction. Furthermore, it is placed at the end of the introductory paragraph. This begs for two questions, what should you start with? How should you start your introduction? You are required to start your introduction by stating your problem in a way the reader will be interested in the subject matter you plan on expounding on. The following are ways you can use to achieve a good introduction: Begin your work with an anecdote Utilize the use of an uncommon factor interesting statement Keep the reader hooked by leading with a new notion relating to your topic of discussion. As a way of engaging the readers, pose a rhetoric question that will make them think it through Structure of a Comprehensible Outline Many students aimlessly write their essay without first coming up with an outline, and they eventually suffer in the long run. Please avoid this mistake because it will cost you a great deal of time when you have to restructure it all over again. Spare some quality time during your preparation stage to create a comprehensive outline for your work. By the time you are at this stage, you already have come up with a thesis statement and substantial information about your English essay. Now, arrange the information in a well-organized order until you achieve a logical flow of ideas. This will enable you to convince your readers and impress them at the same time about your point of view. To many students, writing an outline might seem to be a bother or waste of time if you are conversant with what you are to write about. This should be not the case since creating the required outline will save you time on writing and also prevent you from getting a writers block. Writing Process for an English Essay After you have successfully gathered your ideas and constructed an outline for your work, you can begin writing your work. Below are the key steps that are required at this stage of your work: Read Through Your Notes One More Time Go through your notes to ensure you have the required information to fit the outline you created. Even though an English essay requires more creativity, each idea needs to be supported by academic materials that relate to the subject matter. If you find information that lacks, do research about it and add it to your outline accordingly. Creatively Construct the Topic Sentences for Each Paragraph The first sentence is very crucial to your essay work.it is meant to hook the reader and impress them enough to read through the whole of your work. At this point try to avoid equivocal phrasing. Keep in mind that the first sentence of each paragraph should briefly give an outline of what to expect when reading through the whole paragraph. If you already are conversant with the topic of the discussion you intended to write about, then coming up with the topic sentences will be an easy task to handle. Even though the hook should give a clear definition of your paragraph, do not introduce all of the information. Ideally, use the topic sentence as a hook for the reader to read through your work. Develop Your Thoughts in Detail Most students only construct work from one or two ideas and fill up the remaining word count with information lacking sense or logic. This is referred to as padding in the academic level, which is discredited, not only in the writing of an English essay but also in all types of writing altogether.   Ave in mind the experience your professor has had with many students who came before you, so he or she has the knowledge of over a thousand essays regarding the same subject. This should make you understand that even for a new professor; he or she is well informed to detect padding within an essay. When you find yourself in a situation where you feel stuck, or your outline isn’t of enough help, use the following tips to help you through: Revert back to the stage you brainstormed about the topic. Try to broaden the ideas you came up with through extra research. You are also allowed to use free writing which helps a lot to avoid writers block, or even mind maps. Whichever you find fit, utilize it appropriately. Seek membership to a writing lab. Most of the academic institutions today have writing labs, and it can help you if you join one. Even though most of them have different functionalities, the main idea is for you to interact with other student and exchange ideas as all of your work on your projects. This will get you reliable feedback on the work you are doing and inspire you to work on the project more efficiently and effectively. Have a chat with your professor. The professor has the mandate to help you through your coursework to achieve academic excellence. Dont be shy, make an effort and consult where you require assistance. Find out the professors dedicated office hours and consult to improve the validity and credibility of the English essay to be presented. Use MLA Formatting Style A number of essays (especially those that require personal experience) do not need you to avail external references, but most of them do. In relation to writing an English essay on literature, it would be hard to imagine an instance where the work lacks support from either quotes or examples of the original context. Most English essay papers utilize the MLA (Modern Language Association) format. However, if the requirement is not provided, it is advisable to seek confirmation from the professor. The following are some of the elements that formulate the formatting structure of your English essay: Double spaced work throughout the paper Margins should be adjusted to one inch on all sides Stick to a 12-point font (Times New Roman is a preferable choice) No detached title page The top left corner should contain information about the student and course credentials. Page numbers placed at the top right corner Separate page In an instance where you are required to cite particular information, you should use quotation marks to frame the citation, with the authors name put in brackets. When referencing is done, including the authors last name and page number (If accessible). Altogether, if your citation comes from an in folio source, online journal or article with a page with page numbers, make sure you include the page number as you reference your work. You will notice that no punctuation marks are used in between the last name and the page number. For instance, (Muithya 10). The preserved punctuation will be used when referencing the citation at the end of your work. Keep in mind that your Page should have the authors name, the title of cited work, the city it was published and the name of the publishing company. It is advisable to also include any more information available (page numbers, online or print, and so on). Create a Captivating Conclusion At this point, you have already come up with the body paragraphs and detailed them accordingly. For the conclusion part, you should convey a summary of your work which is to leave a good impression to any reader of your work. In short, you are to restate your main ideas that you discussed in your body paragraphs and provide proof of the validity of the thesis statement you provided. However, in regard to an English essay, you may need to put more effort when working on the conclusion of your work. For any piece of creative essay, the suspense is an important element. This helps in your body paragraphs to make the reader anticipate that the conclusion is about to be addressed. The following ideas will ensure that you come up with an impressive conclusion of your work: Evaluate the information you have made available to your readers. Offer a proposal for more research relating to the subject. Give a brief description of the significance of your paper. Revision of Your Work The conclusion work is not the final stage of your work. You need to revise your work appropriately and below are some of the aspects you should remember while you are at this stage: Take Your Time Give yourself time to rest and be fresh again to read through your work. You need to identify and correct any form of spelling, punctuation, grammatical of structuring errors. You should plan for at least one or two days for the revision of your work. Begin with the Content. Spelling Comes After As you proofread your paper, avoid focusing first on the spelling errors or combining this practice with the editing of your content.   This will lead to loss of time.   Start with editing your content and consider the following questions: How clear are your arguments? Do the transitions used to provide a logical flow of ideas? Do all of your ideas relate to the thesis statement you presented? Is your wording within the acceptable academic requirements? Inquire Assistance from One of Your Friends It’s more prudent if a different person read through your paper as they will easily point out issues that you can correct in the long run.

Best practices in health and safety communication Essay

Best practices in health and safety communication - Essay Example This manual addresses the following topics which are outlined below. The information seen on the web page indicates that the best practices manual is â€Å"not a standard or regulation and it creates no legal obligation.† It is basically advisory in nature. The web page indicates that the Occupational Safety and Health act as enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA) or an OSHA-approved State Plan requires that employers are in compliance with safety and health standards that are hazard specific. It also requires that the employer provides safe working environment that are free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical injury. Employers can be treated as violating or disregarding their general duties if any recognized hazards exist and the necessary steps are not taken to address them. Information on the web page further indicates that failure to implement any of the guidelines in the Act is not in itself a violation of the â€Å"General Duty Clause†. The web page indicates that there is a Metalworking Fluids Standard Advisory Committee (MWFSAC) which appears to be part of OSHA.

2-1-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

2-1-3 - Essay Example heightened awareness of environmental problems such as climate change and the extreme dependence on economically unreliable supply of fossil fuels and their dwindling reserves. The European Union (EU) has been at the forefront of attempting to gradually adapt the concept of environmental sustainability. EU’s current target is to be able to supply 20% of its energy requirements through renewable energy by 2020 (European Commission 2010). EU’s gradual adoption of renewable energy as a significant resource as part of its total energy supply is an attempt to secure a long term supply of energy for its residents while at the same time reducing the negative effects of energy use on the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the primary cause of greenhouse emissions. Not only that, there is a finite supply of fossil fuels reserves which are being consumed at an accelerating rate. The fact that fossil fuels are the primary energy resource and provide the feedstock for almost all of the manufacturing industry at some stage of production calls for a need for the conservation of these resources and the search for alternates. The environmentally sustainable nature of renewable energy is inherently more economically stable and therefore will remain more affordable in the future compared to the unreliable and volatile fossil fuel market. One of the renewable energy initiatives the EU is promoting is the use of biofuels. A biofuel is any fuel that is obtained from a renewable biological resource, such as wood or as in the case of EU’s new and largest biofuel refinery situated in Britain, wheat. The biofuel energy model works on the principal that plants not only provide a renewable source of fuel compared to finite fossil fuel reserves, they also fit into the current carbon cycle and provide us with fuel by using carbon dioxide already present in the atmosphere instead of introducing more carbon by releasing it from fossil fuels. Other

Police and Legitimacy Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Police and Legitimacy Law - Essay Example Therefore, for effective governing, an institution has to acquire political legitimacy as this is necessary to prevent the collapse of the government due to various legal setbacks that governs the state. However, there are some political systems that survive despite illegitimately acquiring power. This institution usually seeks the support of individuals who hold influential positions in the society and thereby considering such systems as legitimate despite opposition from the wider mass. Locke further argues that legitimacy comes from the popular consent of the people and without it, any institution formed and operating is illegitimate. Dolf Stanberger defines legitimacy as a foundation of an existence of governmental power with the knowledge of officials of government that they have a right to govern for the benefits of the people (Alderson, 1979). An author by the name of Seymour Martins disagrees with the definitions of Locke and Stanberger on legitimacy. He argues that legitimac y involves a belief by the ruling class that the practiced system of governance is the best and he does not involve the masses as in his definition (Blumberg, 1983). Legitimacy encompasses morality and scholars of moral philosophy define it as the normative position given to the government and other institutions operating in the country by the masses on the acceptance that they use their authority in accordance to the law. Scholars of law distinguish legitimacy from legality. They argue that a government can be legitimate in its composition but they actions can be illegal, for example implementing a budget without parliament’s approval. The police is an organ of the government and its main function is to maintain law and order. In conducting their operations there are always aspects of legitimacy in question. Are they acting within the law or are they violating the same law they are supposed to implement. This paper seeks to analyze legitimacy in the contest of a specific pol ice function. The police function identified is maintenance of law and order in England and Wales (Miyazawa, 1995). In talking about this role, it will highlight its different aspects and how it defines the concept of legitimacy in England and wales. The questions that this paper seeks to answer are two fold, What is legitimacy? How does the police role of maintaining law and order define the concepts of legitimacy in England and Wales? This paper has a concluder which basis its analysis from the research done and it explains other concepts of legitimacy. The main role of the police force is to maintain law and order and in order to function appropriately; the police need public help and support and it’s of great use to them when such support is voluntary and sincere. Such voluntary support from the public comes from the notion of legitimacy. The society has to acknowledge the roles of the police as outlined by the laws governing the state and if police action contravenes the se laws, they will lose legitimacy and therefore getting cooperation from the people becomes difficult. One of the main reasons as to why people agree to cooperate with the police is because they enjoy legal recognition and therefore people view them as a legitimate authority to be obeyed. The public are also concerned with the manner in which the police execute their functions and from their conclusions

Clinical Patient Management System Information Technology Essay

Clinical Patient Management System Information Technology Essay Clinical Patient management is introduced to optimize clinics operation. Because of huge changes in management nowadays, management for clinic is important due to the widely spread of technology. This system is proposed for those clinics which are still using paper-based to record down patient record, disease history and etc. This system is to manage the clinics operation efficiently. The area consists of the user in clinic which is doctor and clinic assistant. Basically there are no such systems in the clinic. The traditional paper-based management method has caused a lot of problems to the user. This system will help out the user in the clinic in managing the work. 1.2 Problem Statement and Motivation Clinical Patient management system is enhanced from the traditional paper-based management system that has been using in the clinic. Based on the previous system, the patient who comes to the clinic for the first time is registered via the system. The assistant assist the patient by write down the personal detail in a form. The patient gets the treatment and information about the treatment is record in a file. The system manages the activities in the clinic but the previous system has cause problems to the user. Problems of using paper to record down the records of patient: Only one copy, emergent consult problem Waste time to search the record Easy to lost record or duplicate record Waste money on purchase paper Waste space for store record These problem are so important is because they will affect the operation of clinic cause decrease of patients visits, inefficiency and increase of cost. Clinical Patient management is developed to overcome the problems. The system has few modules such as patient registration, inventory module, medical certificate, disease history, patient record search, appointment, billing and reporting. Objectives The project aims to overcome the problem exists in the previous system. In order to overcome the problem exists in the previous system, we must determine the problems existing in previous system, find out the reason cause the problems in previous existing system and create a solution to solve the problems. Investigate on system/user request and define new requirements. To achieve this objective need to determine who the user is, understanding the user request, verify the request can be achieve or not. Make user easy to maintain record Determine what record is requiring in the system. All the records will be kept in database. Ensure the system useful to user as it help in daily activity in the clinic. Determine how will the system work/operate and understand daily activity in the clinic. Project scope There are nine modules in the system: Patient Registration Patient must register first. Patients IC number, name, address, age, gender, phone number, specified relative IC. Disease History This module manages data about patients treatment history and register for various type of disease. It allows doctor to add, edit and update the disease history. Medical certificate This module allow doctor to create the medical certificate to patients. Allow user to add, edit, delete. Inventory module This module manages all the medicine stock in the clinic. It allow user to add, edit and delete the medicine information. It will show current quantity of medicine in the clinic. It includes the record search. Backup Backup the system setting and database. 1.5 Project significance Clinical Patient Management System is used by the doctor and clinic assistant. The user will feel the system is useful because it has benefits to manage the clinics operation efficiently. The web-based Clinical Patient Management gives profit to user as the user can retrieve information regard to themselves through the internet. They can access the clinic system throughout the internet and those who have difficulties to go the clinic will find it practical. The system makes record keeping more efficient and secure from an unauthorized people. Only authorized user has the right to retrieve their own information. This will secure the patients information. This system has also overcome the problems in paper-based management system. Besides that, the system is easy for the management to maintain record about the patient and inventory. The time for retrieving the information needed will be less compare to the manual. This will help the clinic assistant in doing the job. The system also helps in minimize the loss of data. The clinic assistant can view and generate report for the specified data. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Web-based clinical patient management Medical services computerize is an irresistible general trend, this web site will provide medical information for the client, the user can find out a message they care. CMS provide on line appointment feature, which allow patients to make the appointment through Internet. Furthermore, doctors can manage the clinic daily work by using CMS. (Andrew Ho 2002, Louis Leong 2002, Onofre da Costa 2002). In journal article Clinics Management System (CMS) based on Patient Centered Process Ontology (Vissers J. M. H. 1998), conducted study and found one of the important trends in business managements is the focus on processes to create value added services for their ultimate customers. This is to get rid of unwanted, time consuming, unnecessarily repeated business activities of the processes and to monitor how value for customer is as efficiently as possible In the journal entitled, Best practice Clinic: The making of a good quality management system written by Dwyer, G. (2004), he said that to be manageable and effective, a quality management system should be easy to manage and involve minimal or no allocation of additional staff, and work in tandem with existing initiatives, systems and structures. In the case study of Lance Technologies LLC The web-based system kept track of all patient schedule information. Thus, patients could visit the web service at any later date and cancel or re-schedule their appointment based on Agho Clinic policies. A web-based administrative system provided password-protected access to patient scheduling data to Agho Clinic staff, allowing them to see schedules and patient contact information. The staff also used the same system to manage in-office scheduling as well. All provider schedules and office hours were also database-driven. (Lance Technologies LLC (2006). In Web Based Patient Scheduling with IVR Backend. Retrieved March 13, 2012) From article state in above they appears in nowadays all clinics are necessary to automate its daily functions. Furthermore, regardless of the type clinic, owning and operating it can be a lot of work. Web-based system is a technology important to clinic domain because it can help them face the problem of increasing diversity and differentiation by improve their competitiveness, efficiency and provide better convenient to patient. 2.2 Fact Finding In a personal interview with a clinic assistant, the clinic assistant had explained in detail about the clinic daily operation. Through the information provided by the clinic assistant, the following function has been listed out. 2.2.1 Functions of the System Patient Function Allow patients to view the doctors schedule. In order to supply a direct appointment way on web. The system require to show out the doctors schedule of working day. Making appointment is several simple steps. The patients can log in by using the User ID and Password. For the first time to log in, the patients can register on the web site and set their own ID and Password. Doctors can check and review the Medical history of a patient through patient ID. The Patients can check their own Medical history through the web browser, which include the patient info, such as Name, address, age, sex, record of diagnose, any allergic reaction. Doctor Clinic Assistant Function The system must provides the calendar for the doctors, to check the calendar and appointment on the day. The calendar allows the staff to apply different kind of leave. For instance, annual leave or non-paid leave, etc. By using the system, the medicine records can be checked. They can view the information of the medicines such as Medicines name, Expired date, Prices, Supplier info (Address and contact number) and Description. During the consultation, the doctor can store the patient treatment into the database, such as patient diagnosis, medicines, drug allergy, chronic disease. After the checking, the doctor will add the information and status in the system. Finally the system will calculate the total amount and print out the receipts. Through the functions state in above, a list of system module had been arranged out and already writes down in project scope, you can refer it on page 3. 2.3 Critical Remarks of previous works BioAXS Adastra Proposed system Patient registration Finger print verification Make appointment Scheduling Disease history Medical certificate management Billing Inventory management Reporting Backup Web-Based Figure 2.3 Existing system compare with proposed system From figure 2.3 above we can found that both of the existing system BioAXS and Adastra they dont have include most of the feature in proposed system. Many patients need to get medical certificate to rest at home, so the proposed system include the feature of medical certificate management to manage the record. Most of the clinic requires billing management feature in the management system to help them manage and record daily expense and revenue. The inventory in proposed system can help clinic manage the medicine stock, so the clinic assistant can always monitor on the quantity of various medicine. The backup feature in proposed system allow user to backup their data, this can prevent loss of data. If the system accidently down, user can through restore backup file to recover the data. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Prototyping The methodology I choose for develop the system is prototyping. Prototyping include 5 phases planning, analysis, design, implementation, delivery. A prototyping-based methodology performs the analysis, design and implementation phases concurrently, and all three phrases are performed repeatedly to build the first version, with user feedback, repeat these three phases a cycle until system complete. In figure 3.1 it shown how prototyping works. C:UsersKelvin GiottoDesktopprototype.png Figure 3.1 Prototyping 3.1.1 Planning The project planning starts in this phase. First, the information is gathered from the clinic staff. Then, the scope, objectives and the goals for the proposed system are set up. The tentative schedule consists of project work plan and Gantt chart is developed. 3.1.2 Analysis In this phase, we have to understand previous system problems and find out analysis existing system find out their pros and cons. We also have to realise clinic daily operation process to investigate and define new requirements. The problem statement of the system can be defined throughout the observation. It will become the objective for the system. The scope can be extracted from the objective to develop the system. 3.1.3 Design Database design, where a design for the database is form. It can support the Clinical Patient Management System operational and objective, as Microsoft Access is choose for the database management. The minimum requirement for the installation need to be confirmed first in order for the DBMS in the server to run smoothly. Moreover, the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), and data dictionary is create where it will explain the main basic workflow of the system. All relationship between the tables, define the storage structures and the access paths will be known. For interface design, we will regard to user request and make it more user-friendly. 3.1.4 Implementation In implementation phase is start working on programming, after complete the first version of prototype, we will delivery it to user to testing the prototype, test for performance, integrity, and concurrent access and security constraints. Other than that, testing and evaluate the system parallel with application programming is done. This phase involve all the users in Clinic Management system that will use this system. In this stage it can be define that the users meets their requirement. Once the data insert into the database, the processes such as tests and fine-tunes will be carried out for purposes of performance, integrity, and concurrent access and security constraints. The testing and evaluation phase occurs in parallel with applications programming. If the database implementation fails to meet the users requirement, several options will be consider in order enhancing the system. Implementation Issues and Challenges Many issues and challenges will be face In develop clinical patient management system. Develop this system can be say like start from zero, require to learning new programming language, new development software and make it operate on server. Unfamiliar Programming language C# The system is develop through Microsoft Sharepoint 2013, and it require using C# programming language to develop. Unfamiliar system area The web-based Clinical Patient Management system is a medical area system, this will cause negligence on the development of software features. Unfamiliar development tools Microsoft Sharepoint 2013 is a new development tools, many useful feature for developer, so require to take some time to learning how to use it. Blur on User Interface design Due to the user of the system are doctor and clinic assistant, difficult to design a user-friendly that is suitable for them. Timeline 3.3.1 Current Semester Figure 3.3.1 Current Semester In figure 3.3.1, meeting to discuss the process of the final year project is a recurring task, the task is execute on everyweek Wednesday. Took totally 12 days on choose project title. Totally 17 days use for create preliminary report, start from 16 Feb 2012 to 9 March 2012. For develop the comb-bound project proposal, this task totally used 21 days start from 12 Mar 2012 to 9 Apr 2012. 3.3.2 Next Semester Figure 3.3.2 Next Semester In figure 3.3.2, planning phase start from 28 May 2012, take 6 days to complete it. Due to using the prototyping methodology to develop the system, so Analysis, Design and Implementation should be recurring task and start from 13 Apr 2012 to 17 Aug 2012. The system should be delivery on 20 Aug 2012. Requirement Specification User Requirement Functional Patient Registration Disease History Medical certificate Inventory Inventory Backup Non-Functional User authentication Fast response time Maintainability Integrity 3.4.2 System Performance Definition Software Requirement Development tool Microsoft SharePoint Designer 2013 Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 Operating System Windows Server 2012 Database system Microsoft SQL Hardware Requirement Minimum Hardware Requirements Processor 64-bit, quad-core processor, 3 GHz RAM 8 GB for single server and multiple server farm installation for production use. Hard disk 80 GB Programming language C# C#, as part of the .NET framework, is compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), which is a language similar to Javas bytecode. MSIL allows C# to be platform independent and runs using just in time compiling. Therefore programs running under .NET gain speed with repeated use. Furthermore, because the other languages that make up the .NET platform (including VB and Cobol) compile to MSIL, it is possible for classes to be inherited across languages. The MSIL, like bytecode, is what allows C# to be platform independent. Microsoft SharePoint 2013 In-alignment with SharePoints approach of doing more with no additional resources, investments like the integration with Visual Studio 2012 will enable our customers to rely on existing pools of programming expertise to enrich the SharePoint platform and increase the quality and ROI on their investments. Can be used to build any kind of web solution, including Internet publishing sites share contents, applications, and data to improve collaboration and provide a unique user experience CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION Briefly this chapter describes on literature review and project methodology. Information for literature review is gathered from journals in library, online journal, magazines and article. All the information is useful to support the statement from the approaches that has been made. In project methodology, it described about methodology that will be develop for the system. It consists of 5 phases which has been explained in this section. Furthermore, in project requirements, it tell about the software and hardware that been choose to develop the project. Gantt chart attached is to help to manage project schedule so that this project will be finished on time. Managing time is the way to assuring the project can be finish according to the plan.